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China is not putting its own boots on the ground or directly supplying finished, lethal weapons systems like tanks or missiles to Russia. However, Western intelligence, independent investigators, and Ukrainian officials have firmly concluded that China is functioning as the "decisive enabler" and primary backend lifeline keeping Vladimir Putin’s war machine alive. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] While Beijing officially maintains a stance of "pro-Russian neutrality" and denies taking a side, its strategic, economic, and technological backing has allowed Russia to circumvent Western sanctions and sustain a prolonged war of attrition. [1, 2] Beijing supports Putin "from behind" through several critical mechanisms: 1. The Influx of "Dual-Use" Technology Instead of sending complete weapons, Chinese companies supply massive volumes of dual-use goods—commercial items that can be easily repurposed for military hardware. [1, 2] Drone Supremacy: A vast majority of the microchips, aircraft engines, carbon fiber yarns, and camera lenses found inside Russian military drones originate from Chinese suppliers. [1] Raw Materials for Explosives: China serves as a primary exporter of specialized chemicals, machinery tools, and nitrocellulose (a key ingredient used to manufacture gunpowder and artillery shells) directly to Russian defense plants. [1, 2] Advanced Equipment: Investigations have revealed billions of dollars in advanced manufacturing equipment sent to Russia, including heavy machinery utilized to build advanced components for military hardware. [1] 2. Circumventing Global Sanctions When Western nations cut off trade and froze Russian assets, China effectively restructured its economy to absorb the shock for Moscow. China has dramatically boosted its purchases of Russian crude oil and natural gas, providing the Kremlin with a continuous flow of cash to fund its military budget. In return, Russia has become highly dependent on Chinese consumer markets, cars, and microelectronics to keep its internal domestic economy functioning. [1, 2, 3, 4] 3. Intelligence Sharing and Backstage Training Beyond economics, intelligence and logistics coordination have deepened significantly: Satellite & Reconnaissance Support: Ukrainian foreign intelligence officials have highlighted instances where China likely shared strategic satellite imagery and data on target sites within Ukraine to assist Russian missile planning. [1] Military Exercises & Training: Western security reports have detailed covert training arrangements where Russian military personnel have utilized specialized security facilities inside Beijing for specialized tactical courses. [1] 4. Diplomatic Cover On the global stage, China provides a powerful shield for Russia. It consistently abstains from or blocks United Nations resolutions condemning the invasion and leverages platforms like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to ensure Putin does not face complete global isolation. [1, 2, 3] What is Beijing's End Game? China's calculated support is driven by self-interest rather than pure ideological loyalty to Putin: [1] Preventing a Russian Collapse: Beijing cannot allow a crushing Russian defeat. A total collapse of Putin's regime could lead to political instability along their shared 4,000-kilometer border or result in a pro-Western government taking over Moscow—a nightmare scenario for Chinese leadership. Keeping Russia as a "Junior Partner": By providing just enough support to keep Russia afloat but not enough to let it decisively win, China has effectively turned Russia into its junior partner. This grants Beijing massive economic leverage, cheap energy, and a subordinate ally in its broader geopolitical competition with the United States. Diverting Western Focus: The longer the US and Europe remain economically and militarily bogged down defending Ukraine, the less they can focus their strategic resources on countering China's ambitions in East Asia and the South China Sea. [1, 2, 3]
The Russia-Ukraine war has lasted for more than four and a half years (since the full-scale invasion began in February 2022). The total combined casualties for both sides have reached a staggering 1.5 to 2 million people, making it the deadliest and most destructive interstate conflict in Europe since World War II. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] The primary reasons the war has dragged on for so long, alongside the latest developments on the ground, are outlined below. Why the War is Going on for Too Long 1. A Tactical Stalemate Favours the Defense Modern warfare has drastically evolved to favor defensive positions. The widespread deployment of surveillance and jet-powered drones, combined with heavily built-up trenches and minefields by both sides, has created an impenetrable, several-kilometer-wide "kill zone". As users agree on Reddit's r/askanything, this environment makes sweeping ground offensives nearly impossible. Instead, it has deteriorated into a brutal, grinding war of attrition. [1, 2, 3, 4] 2. Deep Territorial and Strategic Deadlocks Both nations remain deeply divided over the baseline terms required to stop fighting. Russian President Vladimir Putin has demanded the complete control and illegal annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts (Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson). Meanwhile, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and the majority of the population view any concession of sovereign territory as an unacceptable surrender that would only leave Ukraine vulnerable to future Russian invasions. [1, 2, 3] 3. Foreign Military Influxes The conflict is heavily sustained by outside support: For Ukraine: European nations have become primary pillars of financial and long-range military aid, backed by a massive €90 billion EU loan secured through 2027. [1] For Russia: Moscow has transformed its economy onto a permanent wartime footing and is directly reinforced by Chinese jet engines for drones, North Korean ballistic missiles, and even thousands of North Korean soldiers deployed onto European soil. [1] What is Happening Right Now: Current Status The nature of the conflict has increasingly shifted from a battle over front-line territory to a campaign aimed at breaking each country’s vital infrastructure and ability to function. [1] AspectRussia's Status & TacticsUkraine's Status & TacticsBattlefield TerritoryOccupies roughly 20% of Ukraine. Advancing incrementally at high human costs across eastern fronts like Donetsk.Maintains structural control over 80% of its land. Launched counter-incursions into Russia's Kursk region.Infrastructure FocusTargeting grid facilities with massive drone swarms. Every single Ukrainian power plant has suffered severe damage.Using advanced long-range missiles and drones to strike oil refineries and energy nodes up to 1,500 km deep inside Russia.Casualties & ManpowerSuffered catastrophic losses with an estimated 600,000 deaths and up to 1.5 million total casualties.Facing immense population strain, with an estimated 200,000 to 250,000 troops killed and a heavily collapsed birthrate. The Latest Diplomatic Developments (November 2026) There is a sudden and major shift toward active diplomacy, driven heavily by changes in U.S. leadership: White House Mediation: In Washington, U.S. President Donald Trump has actively engaged in heavy mediation. First Lady Melania Trump recently hosted delegations from both Moscow and Kyiv at the White House, pushing for localized humanitarian truces, such as an expanding ceasefire around the occupied city of Oleshky. President Trump has teased that a "big, beautiful agreement" to settle the war—potentially involving security architectures for all of Europe—is drawing close. [1, 2, 3, 4] High-Level Peace Talks: Direct trilateral security meetings wrapped up at NATO headquarters in Brussels between the U.S., UK, France, Germany, and Ukrainian negotiators like Rustem Umerov. U.S. peace envoy Jared Kushner characterized these framework sessions as highly productive and substantive. [1] Upcoming Abu Dhabi Summit: These ongoing Western alignment talks are serving as a direct prelude to an official diplomatic summit scheduled to take place in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, where negotiators from the United States, Russia, and Ukraine will meet face-to-face to try to hammer out an official end to the war. [1]
World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was the deadliest and most destructive global conflict in human history, involving more than 50 nations and resulting in an estimated 60 to 85 million fatalities. Sparked by unresolved tensions from the First World War and exacerbated by the economic devastation of the Great Depression, the war pitched the Axis powers (primarily Germany, Italy, and Japan) against the Allies (led by Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and China). Over six years, the conflict transformed geopolitical landscape, leading directly to the dawn of the nuclear age, the creation of the United Nations, and the onset of the Cold War. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] The Sparks of Conflict (1939–1941) The structural seeds of the war were planted by the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the subsequent rise of aggressive fascism. [1, 2] The Invasion of Poland: On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany launched a blitzkrieg invasion of Poland. This forced Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany two days later, officially starting World War II in Europe. [1, 2] The Fall of Europe: By 1940, German forces swept through Western Europe, forcing the evacuation at Dunkirk and leading to the Fall of France. Britain stood largely alone during the grueling aerial bombardment known as the Battle of Britain. [1] Operation Barbarossa: In June 1941, Adolf Hitler broke his non-aggression pact with the USSR, launching a massive, brutal invasion of the Soviet Union that opened the bloodiest front of the war. [1, 2] The War Becomes Truly Global (1941–1943) While war raged in Europe, imperialistic ambitions surged in Asia. Pearl Harbor: On 7 December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack immediately brought the United States into the war on the side of the Allies. [1, 2] The Pacific Theatre: The war broadened into jungle warfare across Southeast Asia and island-hopping campaigns across the Pacific Ocean. The Battle of Midway in 1942 served as a decisive turning point, halting Japan's naval dominance. [1, 2, 3] The Tide Turns (1943–1945) Allied industrial capacity and strategic breakthroughs gradually wore down the Axis powers on all fronts. [1] Stalingrad: Deep in Russia, the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943) destroyed an entire German army and forced a permanent Nazi retreat from the Eastern Front. D-Day Landings: On 6 June 1944, the Allies launched the Normandy Invasion, landing over 150,000 troops on French beaches. This historic operation opened the long-awaited Western Front, beginning the liberation of Nazi-occupied Europe. [1, 2, 3, 4] Final Collapse and the Dawn of a New Era (1945) By early 1945, Allied forces were closing in on Germany from both sides. [1] Fall of Berlin: Soviet troops captured Berlin in May 1945. Hitler committed suicide in his bunker on 30 April, and Germany surrendered unconditionally on 8 May (V-E Day). The Atomic Bomb: To force an end to the war in Asia without a costly mainland invasion, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (6 August) and Nagasaki (9 August). The Surrender: Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945, bringing World War II to a definitive close. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Human Cost and Bitter Legacies The war left behind a deeply scarred world. It was a "total war" where civilian populations were deliberately targeted via aerial bombings and systemic violence. [1, 2] The most horrifying dimension was the Holocaust—the state-sponsored, industrialised genocide by the Nazi regime that systematically murdered six million European Jews and millions of others, including Slavs, Romani people, and political dissidents. [1, 2] The war's conclusion dismantled old colonial empires, elevated the United States and the Soviet Union to global superpowers, and split Europe down the middle—setting the stage for decades of geopolitical tension in the Cold War. [1, 2, 3] Highly Recommended Deep-Dives If you are looking to read further or watch comprehensive breakdowns, consider exploring these widely acclaimed accounts: Comprehensive Article: Read the deeply researched Britannica Overview of World War II for a highly authoritative breakdown of combatants and timelines. The Single-Volume Classic: Check out author Antony Beevor's The Second World War available on Amazon.in, praised by historians for balancing grand military strategy with individual human stories. Visual Docuseries: Watch World War II with Tom Hanks on The HISTORY Channel, an immersive 20-part series tracking rare, newly uncovered archival footage across land, sea, and air. [1, 2, 3, 4] Would you like to narrow your focus to a specific aspect of the war? I can provide deeper details on: A specific campaign or battle (e.g., D-Day, Stalingrad, Pearl Harbor) The geopolitical causes and the Treaty of Versailles Key wartime leaders and their strategic decisions


The high court refused to immediately intervene in a case involving 20,000 people the Republican administration flagged as likely noncitizens on the largely Democratic state’s voter rolls. The swift rejection capped a string of losses for the president’s effort to intervene in the election before the counting of ballots to decide who controls Congress in the last two years of his second term. No justices publicly dissented. “The Court rejected Trump’s emergency request without even asking the other side to respond,” California Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat, posted on X. “Democracy won.” Several lower courts also rejected the Justice Department’s push to set aside the challenged California ballots until the voters’ citizenship status could be verified. And in a case that revolved around the future certification of Alaska’s election results, a judge did not even hold a hearing before dismissing a Trump-ordered suit to prevent a possible Democratic Senate win.
China imports millions of donkey hides from Africa every year: new book traces the drivers and impact
What drives the demand? Which countries have the biggest markets?
The demand is driven almost exclusively by China. The reason is that there’s an ancient traditional Chinese medicine called ejiao, pronounced “e-jyow”, that is now consumed by tens of millions of Chinese women. Ejiao is a donkey hide gelatin-based tonic for the blood. For millennia, it has been used to treat fatigue, dizziness, dry cough and irregular bleeding, and to support female wellness. For most of that time the elixir was handmade and consumed by a small circle of imperial elites. Only over the last few decades did production become industrially scaled.
I’m an economist rather than a nutritional scientist, but my understanding is that ejiao’s medicinal reputation is associated with its collagen-rich composition and the bioactive peptides produced during processing, alongside claims about the mineral properties of the water used in its production. While pharmacological research has identified potentially beneficial properties, the extent to which these translate into clinically established therapeutic effects remains contested. There is also a broader question as to whether comparable benefits could be obtained from alternative, more sustainable sources of collagen or related compounds.
The market for ejiao was until recently mainly medicinal. My book details the very recent – and stunning – commercialisation of ejiao and its transformation into an array of products, from cakes and drinks to cosmetics and other wellness products. Where ejiao sells at accessible prices in pharmacies both over the counter and by prescription, it also sells for thousands of renminbi at the premium end of the market. The lead producer, Dong'e Ejiao, spearheaded premium-end price increases greater than those enjoyed by Shanghai and Beijing property owners over the 2000s and 2010s.
There is also demand for it in Hong Kong, Taiwan, the US, Europe, Australia and south-east Asia.

Rank | Country | Active Personnel |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 🇨🇳 China | 2,035,000 |
| 2 | 🇮🇳 India | 1,431,000 |
| 3 | 🇺🇸 U.S. | 1,333,030 |
| 4 | 🇷🇺 Russia | 1,320,000 |
| 4 | 🇰🇵 North Korea | 1,320,000 |
| 6 | 🇺🇦 Ukraine | 900,000 |
| 7 | 🇵🇰 Pakistan | 660,000 |
| 8 | 🇮🇷 Iran | 610,000 |
| 9 | 🇪🇹 Ethiopia | 503,000 |
| 10 | 🇹🇷 Türkiye | 481,000 |